02. Bharatanatyam – a classical art form

In this chapter 02, Shantha & Ram discuss and delve into the origins and evolution of Bharatanatyam, one of India’s most celebrated classical dance forms. Shantha Lakshmi offers a detailed exploration of its journey from sacred temple rituals to a global platform, showcasing its enduring cultural and spiritual significance.

Roots in Thanjavur: A Cultural Cradle

Bharatanatyam was born in the temples of Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, flourishing under the patronage of kings and spiritual leaders. Known as the dance of the devadasis, it was performed as an offering to deities, particularly Lord Shiva. The movements and expressions of the dance were designed to mirror the sacred hymns and rituals, creating a form of worship that engaged the body, mind, and soul.

The chapter highlights Thanjavur as a cultural hub, where Bharatanatyam evolved into a sophisticated art form, deeply rooted in tradition while embracing innovation over centuries.

Fusion of Bhavam, Ragam, and Talam

Shantha emphasizes the unique blend of bhavam (expression), ragam (melody), and talam (rhythm) that defines Bharatanatyam’s timeless essence:

• Bhavam: The emotional depth conveyed through facial expressions, gestures, and movements.
• Ragam: The melodic structure provided by Carnatic music, creating an emotional and spiritual atmosphere.
• Talam: The rhythmic cycles that guide the dancer’s steps and gestures, weaving precision into every movement.

Together, these elements form the foundation of Bharatanatyam, allowing dancers to narrate intricate stories and evoke profound emotions.

Codification in the Natya Shastra

The chapter delves into the Natya Shastra, the ancient treatise by Sage Bharata, which serves as the authoritative guide for Bharatanatyam and other classical Indian art forms. Shantha explains how this seminal text codified:

• The 108 Karanas (basic dance movements).
• The Navarasas (nine emotions) as the framework for expressive storytelling.
• The integration of dance, drama, and music into a unified performance art.

The Natya Shastra also emphasizes the spiritual purpose of dance, describing it as the “fifth Veda”, created to make divine knowledge accessible to all.

From Rituals to Storytelling

Bharatanatyam’s early role as a temple ritual was deeply intertwined with worship and spiritual practice. Devadasis performed dances to narrate stories from Hindu mythology, expressing devotion and reverence through their art.

Over time, Bharatanatyam transcended its ritualistic origins to become a powerful medium of storytelling:

• Mythological tales, particularly those involving Lord Shiva, Vishnu, and Krishna, are brought to life through intricate expressions and movements.
• Varnams (narrative pieces) and Padams (lyrical expressions) became staples of the repertoire, allowing dancers to convey stories of love, devotion, and heroism.

Impact on Temple Art

The chapter explores Bharatanatyam’s profound connection to temple art, particularly its influence on sculptures and architecture. Shantha draws attention to:

• The depiction of Karanas in temple sculptures, especially in the Brihadeshwara and Chidambaram temples, which serve as visual guides for dancers.
• The integration of cosmic themes, such as the dance of Nataraja, which symbolizes the eternal cycle of creation, preservation, and destruction.
• The role of temple spaces as stages for Bharatanatyam performances, where the architecture complements the dancer’s movements.

Through these connections, Shantha illustrates how Bharatanatyam is not just a performance art but a living tradition that reflects the spiritual and cultural ethos of India.

Music, Literature, and Human Emotion

Bharatanatyam’s ability to unite music, literature, and emotion is a recurring theme in this chapter. Shantha discusses:

• The role of Carnatic music, with its intricate compositions and rhythmic patterns, in shaping Bharatanatyam performances.
• The influence of Tamil, Sanskrit, and Telugu literature, particularly works by saints like Andal and Mirabai, whose devotional poems are brought to life through dance.
• The dancer’s ability to channel universal human emotions, making Bharatanatyam a timeless medium of expression that transcends cultural and linguistic boundaries.

Legacy and Evolution

Shantha concludes by reflecting on Bharatanatyam’s enduring legacy:

• Colonial Challenges: During British rule, Bharatanatyam faced decline as temple dancing was stigmatized. However, cultural revivalists like Rukmini Devi Arundale redefined the art form, bringing it to the proscenium stage and preserving its classical essence.
• Modern Relevance: Today, Bharatanatyam is celebrated globally as a symbol of India’s cultural heritage, inspiring new generations of dancers and audiences.